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  <div class="main">
  <div class="content">
    <h1 class="title">Frequently Asked Questions</h1>
    
        <h3 class="section">Questions</h3>
                <h4 class="toc">About this FAQ</h4>
        <ul>
                <li><a href="#latest-version">
  Where do I find the latest version of this
        document?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#adding-faqs">
  How can I contribute to this FAQ?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#creating-faq">
  How do you create the HTML version of this
        FAQ?
      </a></li>
            </ul>
                <h4 class="toc">General</h4>
        <ul>
                <li><a href="#what-is-ant">
  What is Apache Ant?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#ant-name">
  Why do you call it Ant?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#history">
  Tell us a little bit about Ant's history.
      </a></li>
            </ul>
                <h4 class="toc">Installation</h4>
        <ul>
                <li><a href="#no-gnu-tar">
  I get checksum errors when I try to extract the
      <code>tar.gz</code> distribution file. Why?
      </a></li>
            </ul>
                <h4 class="toc">How do I ...</h4>
        <ul>
                <li><a href="#implement-os-specific-configuration">
  How do I realize os--specific configurations?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#adding-external-tasks">
  How do I add an external task that I've written to the
      page "External Tools and Task"?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#passing-cli-args">
  How do I pass parameters from the command line to my
        build file?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#jikes-switches">
  How can I use Jikes-specific command-line
        switches?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#shell-redirect-1">
  How do I include a &lt; character in my command-line arguments?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#shell-redirect-2">
  How do I redirect standard input or standard output
        in the <code>&lt;exec&gt;</code> task?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#batch-shell-execute">
  How do I execute a batch file or shell script from Ant?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#multi-conditions">
  I want to execute a particular target only if
        multiple conditions are true.
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#encoding">
  How can I include national characters like German
        umlauts in my build file?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#use-zip-instead-of-jar">
  How do I use <code>jar</code>'s <code>M</code> switch?
      I don't want a MANIFEST.
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#propertyvalue-as-name-for-property">
  How can I do something like <code>&lt;property name="prop"
      value="${${anotherprop}}"/&gt;</code> (double expanding the property)?
      </a></li>
            </ul>
                <h4 class="toc">It doesn't work (as expected)</h4>
        <ul>
                <li><a href="#always-recompiles">
  Why does Ant always recompile all my Java files?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#defaultexcludes">
  I've used a <code>&lt;delete&gt;</code> task to
      delete unwanted SourceSafe control files (CVS files, editor
      backup files, etc.), but it doesn't seem to work; the files
      never get deleted. What's wrong?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#stop-dependency">
  I have a target I want to skip if a property is set,
      so I have <code>unless="property"</code> as an attribute
      of the target, but all the targets this target
      depends on are still executed. Why?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#include-order">
  In my <code>&lt;fileset&gt;</code>, I've put in an
      <code>&lt;exclude&gt;</code> of all files followed by an
      <code>&lt;include&gt;</code> of just the files I want, but it
      isn't giving me any files at all. What's wrong?
      
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#properties-not-trimmed">
  <code>ant</code> failed to build my program via javac
      even when I put the needed jars in an external
      <code>build.properties</code> file and reference them by
      <code>pathelement</code> or <code>classpath refid</code>.
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#winzip-lies">
  Ant creates WAR files with a lower-case
        <code>web-inf</code> or JAR files with a lower-case
        <code>meta-inf</code> directory.
      </a></li>
            </ul>
                <h4 class="toc">Ant and IDEs/Editors</h4>
        <ul>
                <li><a href="#integration">
  Is Ant supported by my IDE/Editor?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#emacs-mode">
  Why doesn't (X)Emacs/vi/MacOS X's project builder
      correctly parse the error messages generated by Ant?
      </a></li>
            </ul>
                <h4 class="toc">Advanced Issues</h4>
        <ul>
                <li><a href="#dtd">
  Is there a DTD that I can use to validate my build
      files?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#xml-entity-include">
  How do I include an XML snippet in my build file?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#mail-logger">
  How do I send an email with the result of my build
        process?
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#listener-properties">
  How do I get at the properties that Ant was running
      with from inside BuildListener?
      </a></li>
            </ul>
                <h4 class="toc">Known Problems</h4>
        <ul>
                <li><a href="#remove-cr">
  &lt;chmod&gt; or &lt;exec&gt; doesn't work in Ant
        1.3 on Unix
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#javadoc-cannot-execute">
  JavaDoc failed: java.io.IOException: javadoc: cannot execute
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#delegating-classloader">
  &lt;style&gt; or &lt;junit&gt; ignores my
      &lt;classpath&gt;
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#winxp-jdk14-ant14">
  When running Ant 1.4 on Windows XP and JDK 1.4, I get
      various errors when trying to <code>&lt;exec&gt;</code>, fork
      <code>&lt;java&gt;</code> or access environment
      variables.
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#1.5-cygwin-sh">
  The <code>ant</code> wrapper script of Ant 1.5 fails
      for Cygwin if <code>ANT_HOME</code> is set to a Windows style
      path.
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#1.5.2-zip-broken">
  <code>&lt;zip&gt;</code> is broken in Ant 1.5.2.
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#unknownelement.taskcontainer">
  
        Why do my custom task containers see Unknown Elements in Ant 1.6
        - they worked in Ant 1.5?
      
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#java.exception.stacktrace">
  
        The program I run via &lt;java&gt; throws an exception but I
        can't seem to get the full stack trace.
      
      </a></li>
                <li><a href="#junit-no-runtime-xml">
  
        Using format="xml", &lt;junit&gt; fails with a
        <code>NoClassDefFoundError</code> if forked.
      
      </a></li>
            </ul>
    
      <h3 class="section">Answers</h3>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="latest-version"></a>
      Where do I find the latest version of this
        document?
    </p>
                  <p>The latest version can always be found at Ant's homepage
          <a href="http://ant.apache.org/faq.html">http://ant.apache.org/faq.html</a>.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="adding-faqs"></a>
      How can I contribute to this FAQ?
    </p>
                  <p>The page you are looking it is generated from
          <a href="http://cvs.apache.org/viewcvs.cgi/~checkout~/ant/xdocs/faq.xml">this</a>
          document.  If you want to add a new question, please submit
          a patch against this document to one of Ant's mailing lists;
          hopefully, the structure is self-explanatory.</p>
                        <p>If you don't know how to create a patch, see the patches
          section of <a href="http://jakarta.apache.org/site/source.html">this
          page</a>.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="creating-faq"></a>
      How do you create the HTML version of this
        FAQ?
    </p>
                  <p>We use
        <a href="http://jakarta.apache.org/velocity/anakia.html">Anakia</a>
        to render the HTML version from the original XML file.</p>
                        <p>The Velocity stylesheets used to process the XML files can
        be found in the <code>xdocs/stylesheets</code> subdirectory of
        Ant's CVS repository - the build file
        <code>docs.xml</code> at the top level of the ant CVS
        module is used to drive Anakia.</p>
                        <p>This file assumes that you have the
        <code>jakarta-site2</code> CVS module checked out as well, but
        if you follow the instruction from Anakia's homepage, you
        should get it to work without that.  Just make sure all
        required jars are in the task's classpath.</p>
                                <p class="faq">
      <a name="what-is-ant"></a>
      What is Apache Ant?
    </p>
                  <p> Ant is a Java-based build tool. In theory, it is kind of
        like Make, without Make's wrinkles and with the full
        portability of pure Java code.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="ant-name"></a>
      Why do you call it Ant?
    </p>
                  <p>According to Ant's original author, James Duncan
        Davidson, the name is an acronym for "Another Neat
        Tool".</p>
                        <p>Later explanations go along the lines of "ants
        do an extremely good job at building things", or
        "ants are very small and can carry a weight dozens of times
        their own" - describing what Ant is intended to
        be.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="history"></a>
      Tell us a little bit about Ant's history.
    </p>
                  <p>Initially, Ant was part of the Tomcat code base, when it was
        donated to the Apache Software Foundation. It was
        created by James Duncan Davidson, who is also the original
        author of Tomcat. Ant was there to build Tomcat, nothing
        else.</p>
                        <p>Soon thereafter, several open source Java projects realized
        that Ant could solve the problems they had with Makefiles.
        Starting with the projects hosted at Jakarta and the old Java
        Apache project, Ant spread like a virus and is now the build
        tool of choice for a lot of projects.</p>
                        <p>In January 2000, Ant was moved to a separate CVS module and
        was promoted to a project of its own, independent of
        Tomcat, and became Apache Ant.</p>
                        <p>The first version of Ant that was exposed to a larger audience
        was the one that shipped with Tomcat's 3.1 release on 19 April
        2000.  This version has later been referred to as Ant
        0.3.1.</p>
                        <p>The first official release of Ant as a stand-alone product was
        Ant 1.1, released on 19 July 2000.  The complete release
        history:</p>
                              <table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
              <tr>
                      <th colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          Ant Version
      </th>
                          <th colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          Release Date
      </th>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.1
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          19 July 2000
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.2
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          24 October 2000
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.3
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          3 March 2001
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.4
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          3 September 2001
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.4.1
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          11 October 2001
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.5
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          10 July 2002
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.5.1
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          3 October 2002
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.5.2
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          3 March 2003
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.5.3
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          9 April 2003
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.5.4
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          12 August 2003
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.6.0
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          18 December 2003
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          1.6.1
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          12 February 2004
      </td>
      </tr>
        </table>
                                <p class="faq">
      <a name="no-gnu-tar"></a>
      I get checksum errors when I try to extract the
      <code>tar.gz</code> distribution file. Why?
    </p>
                  <p>Ant's distribution contains file names that are longer
        than 100 characters, which is not supported by the standard
        tar file format. Several different implementations of tar use
        different and incompatible ways to work around this
        restriction.</p>
                        <p>Ant's &lt;tar&gt; task can create tar archives that use
        the GNU tar extension, and this has been used when putting
        together the distribution. If you are using a different
        version of tar (for example, the one shipping with Solaris),
        you cannot use it to extract the archive.</p>
                        <p>The solution is to either install GNU tar, which can be
        found <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/tar.html">here</a>,
        or use the zip archive instead (you can extract it using
        <code>jar xf</code>).</p>
                                <p class="faq">
      <a name="implement-os-specific-configuration"></a>
      How do I realize os--specific configurations?
    </p>
                  <p>The core idea is using property files which name accords to the
        os-name. Then simply use the build-in property <tt>os.name</tt>.</p>
                        <p>For better use you should also provide a file with defaul values.
        But be careful with the correct os-names. For test simply &lt;echo&gt;
        the ${os.name} on all machines and you can be sure to use the right
        file names.</p>
                        <pre class="code">
          &lt;property file=&quot;${os.name}.properties&quot;/&gt;
          &lt;property file=&quot;default.properties&quot;/&gt;
</pre>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="adding-external-tasks"></a>
      How do I add an external task that I've written to the
      page "External Tools and Task"?
    </p>
                  <p>Join and post a message to the dev or user mailing
        list (one list is enough), including the following
        information:</p>
                        <ul>
          <li>the name of the task/tool</li>
          <li>a short description of the task/tool</li>
          <li>a Compatibility: entry stating with which version(s) of
          Ant the tool/task is compatible to</li>
          <li>a URL: entry linking to the main page of the tool/task</li>
          <li>a Contact: entry containing the email address or the URL
          of a webpage for the person or list to contact for issues
          related to the tool/task.  <strong>Note that we'll add a
          link on the page, so any email address added there is not
          obfuscated and can (and probably will) be abused by robots
          harvesting websites for addresses to spam.</strong></li>
          <li>a License: entry containing the type of license for the
          tool/task</li>
        </ul>
                        <p>The preferred format for this information is a patch to <a href="http://cvs.apache.org/viewcvs.cgi/~checkout~/ant/xdocs/external.xml">this</a>
        document.</p>
                        <p>If you have written something bigger than a 'simple plugin' to Ant it
        may be better to add the link to <a href="projects.html">projects.html</a>.
        The procedure to add it is the same. The file to patch is <a href="http://cvs.apache.org/viewcvs.cgi/~checkout~/ant/xdocs/projects.xml">this</a>
        document. The syntax of that file is the same.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="passing-cli-args"></a>
      How do I pass parameters from the command line to my
        build file?
    </p>
                  <p>Use properties. Using <code>ant
        -D<em>name</em>=<em>value</em></code> lets you define values for
        properties on the Ant command line. These properties can then be
        used within your build file as
        any normal property: <code>${<em>name</em>}</code> will put in
        <code><em>value</em></code>.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="jikes-switches"></a>
      How can I use Jikes-specific command-line
        switches?
    </p>
                  <p>A couple of switches are supported via "magic"
          properties:</p>
                              <table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
              <tr>
                      <th colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          switch
      </th>
                          <th colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          property
      </th>
                          <th colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          default
      </th>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          +E
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          build.compiler.emacs
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          false == not set
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          +P
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          build.compiler.pedantic
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          false == not set
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          +F
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          build.compiler.fulldepend
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          false == not set
      </td>
      </tr>
                  <tr>
                      <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          <strong>(Only for Ant &lt; 1.4; replaced by the
                <code><strong>nowarn</strong></code>
                attribute of the <code><strong>&lt;javac&gt;</strong></code>
                task after that.)</strong><br />-nowarn
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          build.compiler.warnings
      </td>
                          <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"
      valign="top" align="left">
          true == not set
      </td>
      </tr>
        </table>
                        <p>With Ant &gt;= 1.5, you can also use nested
          <code>&lt;compilerarg&gt;</code> elements with the
          <code>&lt;javac&gt;</code> task.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="shell-redirect-1"></a>
      How do I include a &lt; character in my command-line arguments?
    </p>
                  <p>The short answer is "Use: <code>&amp;lt;</code>".</p>
                        <p>The long answer is that this probably won't do what you
        want anyway (see <a href="#shell-redirect-2">the next
        section</a>).</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="shell-redirect-2"></a>
      How do I redirect standard input or standard output
        in the <code>&lt;exec&gt;</code> task?
    </p>
                  <p>Say you want to redirect the standard output stream of the
        <code>m4</code> command to write to a file, something
        like:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
shell-prompt&gt; m4 foo.m4 &gt; foo
</pre>
                        <p>and try to translate it into</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;exec executable=&quot;m4&quot;&gt;
  &lt;arg value=&quot;foo.m4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;arg value=&quot;&amp;gt;&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;arg value=&quot;foo&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/exec&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>This will not do what you expect.  The output redirection is
        performed by your shell, not the command itself, so this
        should read:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;exec executable=&quot;/bin/sh&quot;&gt;
  &lt;arg value=&quot;-c&quot; /&gt;
  &lt;arg value=&quot;m4 foo.m4 &amp;gt; foo&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/exec&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>Note that you must use the <code>value</code> attribute of
        <code>&lt;arg&gt;</code> in the last element, in order to have
        the command passed as a single, quoted argument. Alternatively,
        you can use:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;exec executable=&quot;/bin/sh&quot;&gt;
  &lt;arg line='-c &quot;m4 foo.m4 &amp;gt; foo&quot;'/&gt;
&lt;/exec&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>Note the double-quotes nested inside the single-quotes.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="batch-shell-execute"></a>
      How do I execute a batch file or shell script from Ant?
    </p>
                  <p>On native Unix systems, you should be able to run shell scripts
           directly. On systems running a Unix-type shell (for example, Cygwin
           on Windows) execute the (command) shell instead - <code>cmd</code>
           for batch files, <code>sh</code> for shell scripts - then pass the
           batch file or shell script (plus any arguments to the script)
           as a single command, using the <code>/c</code> or
           <code>-c</code> switch, respectively. See
           <a href="#shell-redirect-2">the above section</a>
           for example <code>&lt;exec&gt;</code> tasks
           executing <code>sh</code>. For batch files, use something like:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;exec dir=&quot;.&quot; executable=&quot;cmd&quot; os=&quot;Windows NT&quot;&gt;
  &lt;arg line=&quot;/c test.bat&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/exec&gt;
</pre>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="multi-conditions"></a>
      I want to execute a particular target only if
        multiple conditions are true.
    </p>
                  <p>There are actually several answers to this question.</p>
                        <p>If you have only one set and one unset property to test,
        you can specify both an <code>if</code> and an <code>unless</code>
        attribute for the target, and they will act as if they
        are "anded" together.</p>
                        <p>If you are using a version of Ant 1.3 or earlier, the
        way to work with all other cases is to chain targets together
        to determine the specific state you want to test for.</p>
                        <p>To see how this works, assume you have three properties:
        <code>prop1</code>, <code>prop2</code>, and <code>prop3</code>.
        You want to test that <code>prop1</code> and <code>prop2</code>
        are set, and that <code>prop3</code> is not. If the condition
        holds true you want to echo "yes".</p>
                        <p>Here is the implementation in Ant 1.3 and earlier:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;target name=&quot;cond&quot; depends=&quot;cond-if&quot;/&gt;

&lt;target name=&quot;cond-if&quot; if=&quot;prop1&quot;&gt;
  &lt;antcall target=&quot;cond-if-2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;

&lt;target name=&quot;cond-if-2&quot; if=&quot;prop2&quot;&gt;
  &lt;antcall target=&quot;cond-if-3&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;

&lt;target name=&quot;cond-if-3&quot; unless=&quot;prop3&quot;&gt;
  &lt;echo message=&quot;yes&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>Note: <code>&lt;antcall&gt;</code> tasks do <em>not</em> pass
        property changes back up to the environment they were called
        from, so you would'nt be able to, for example, set a
        <code>result</code> property in the <code>cond-if-3</code> target,
        then do
        <code>&lt;echo message="result is ${result}"/&gt;</code>
        in the <code>cond</code> target.</p>
                        <p>Starting with Ant 1.4, you can use the
        <code>&lt;condition&gt;</code> task.</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;target name=&quot;cond&quot; depends=&quot;cond-if,cond-else&quot;/&gt;

&lt;target name=&quot;check-cond&quot;&gt;
  &lt;condition property=&quot;cond-is-true&quot;&gt;
    &lt;and&gt;
      &lt;not&gt;
        &lt;equals arg1=&quot;${prop1}&quot; arg2=&quot;$${prop1}&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;/not&gt;
      &lt;not&gt;
        &lt;equals arg1=&quot;${prop2}&quot; arg2=&quot;$${prop2}&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;/not&gt;
      &lt;equals arg1=&quot;${prop3}&quot; arg2=&quot;$${prop3}&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;/and&gt;
  &lt;/condition&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;

&lt;target name=&quot;cond-if&quot; depends=&quot;check-cond&quot; if=&quot;cond-is-true&quot;&gt;
  &lt;echo message=&quot;yes&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;

&lt;target name=&quot;cond-else&quot; depends=&quot;check-cond&quot; unless=&quot;cond-is-true&quot;&gt;
  &lt;echo message=&quot;no&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>This version takes advantage of two things:</p>
                        <ul>
          <li>If a property <code>a</code> has not been set,
          <code>${a}</code> will evaluate to <code>${a}</code>.</li>

          <li>To get a literal <code>$</code> in Ant, you have to
          escape it with another <code>$</code> - this will also break
          the special treatment of the <code>${</code> sequence.</li>
        </ul>
                        <p>Because testing for a literal <code>${property}</code> string
        isn't all that readable or easy to understand,
        post-1.4.1 Ant introduces the <code>&lt;isset&gt;</code> element
        to the <code>&lt;condition&gt;</code> task.</p>
                        <p>Here is the previous example done using
        <code>&lt;isset&gt;</code>:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;target name=&quot;check-cond&quot;&gt;
  &lt;condition property=&quot;cond-is-true&quot;&gt;
    &lt;and&gt;
      &lt;isset property=&quot;prop1&quot;/&gt;
      &lt;isset property=&quot;prop2&quot;/&gt;
      &lt;not&gt;
        &lt;isset property=&quot;prop3&quot;/&gt;
      &lt;/not&gt;
    &lt;/and&gt;
  &lt;/condition&gt;
&lt;/target&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>The last option is to use a scripting language to set the
        properties. This can be particularly handy when you need much
        finer control than the simple conditions shown here but, of
        course, comes with the overhead of adding JAR files to support
        the language, to say nothing of the added maintenance in requiring
        two languages to implement a single system. See the
        <a href="manual/OptionalTasks/script.html">
        <code>&lt;script&gt;</code> task documentation</a> for more
        details.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="encoding"></a>
      How can I include national characters like German
        umlauts in my build file?
    </p>
                  <p>You need to tell the XML parser which character encoding
        your build file uses, this is done inside the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006#sec-prolog-dtd">XML
        declaration</a>.</p>
                        <p>By default the parser assumes you are using the UTF-8
        encoding instead of your platform's default.  For most Western
        European countries you should set the encoding to
        <code>ISO-8859-1</code>.  To do so, make the very first line
        of you build file read like</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;ISO-8859-1&quot; ?&gt;
</pre>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="use-zip-instead-of-jar"></a>
      How do I use <code>jar</code>'s <code>M</code> switch?
      I don't want a MANIFEST.
    </p>
                  <p>A JAR archive is a ZIP file, so if you don't want a
        MANIFEST you can simply use <code>&lt;zip&gt;</code>.</p>
                        <p>If your file names contain national characters you should
        know that Sun's <code>jar</code> utility like Ant's
        <code>&lt;jar&gt;</code> uses UFT8 to encode their names while
        <code>&lt;zip&gt;</code> uses your platforms default encoding.
        Use the encoding attribute of <code>&lt;zip&gt;</code> if
        necessary.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="propertyvalue-as-name-for-property"></a>
      How can I do something like <code>&lt;property name="prop"
      value="${${anotherprop}}"/&gt;</code> (double expanding the property)?
    </p>
                  <p>Without any external help you can not.</p>
                        <p>With &lt;script/&gt;, which needs external libraries, you can do</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;
    propname = project.getProperty(&quot;anotherprop&quot;);
    project.setNewProperty(&quot;prop&quot;, propname);
&lt;/script&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>With AntContrib (external task library) you can do <code>
         &lt;propertycopy name="prop" from="${anotherprop}"/&gt;</code>.</p>
                        <p>With Ant 1.6 you can simulate the AntContribs &lt;propertycopy&gt;
         and avoid the need of an external library:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;macrodef name=&quot;propertycopy&quot;&gt;
  &lt;attribute name=&quot;name&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;attribute name=&quot;from&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;sequential&gt;
    &lt;property name=&quot;@{name}&quot; value=&quot;${@{from}}&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/sequential&gt;
&lt;/macrodef&gt;
</pre>
                                <p class="faq">
      <a name="always-recompiles"></a>
      Why does Ant always recompile all my Java files?
    </p>
                  <p>In order to find out which files should be compiled, Ant
        compares the timestamps of the source files to those of the
        resulting <code>.class</code> files.  Opening all source files
        to find out which package they belong to would be very
        inefficient. Instead, Ant expects you to place your
        source files in a directory hierarchy that mirrors your
        package hierarchy and to point Ant to the root of this
        directory tree with the <code>srcdir</code> attribute.</p>
                        <p>Say you have <code>&lt;javac srcdir="src"
        destdir="dest"/&gt;</code>.  If Ant finds a file
        <code>src/a/b/C.java</code>, it expects it to be in package
        <code>a.b</code> so that the resulting <code>.class</code>
        file is going to be <code>dest/a/b/C.class</code>.</p>
                        <p>If your source-tree directory structure does not match your
        package structure, Ant's heuristic won't work, and
        it will recompile classes that are up-to-date.  Ant is not the
        only tool that expects a source-tree layout like this.</p>
                        <p>If you have Java source files that aren't declared to
        be part of any package, you can still use the <code>&lt;javac&gt;</code>
        task to compile these files correctly - just set the
        <code>srcdir</code> and <code>destdir</code> attributes to
        the actual directory the source
        files live in and the directory the class files should go into,
        respectively.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="defaultexcludes"></a>
      I've used a <code>&lt;delete&gt;</code> task to
      delete unwanted SourceSafe control files (CVS files, editor
      backup files, etc.), but it doesn't seem to work; the files
      never get deleted. What's wrong?
    </p>
                  <p>This is probably happening because, by default, Ant excludes
        SourceSafe control files (<code>vssver.scc</code>) and certain other
        files from FileSets.</p>
                        <p>Here's what you probably did:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;delete&gt;
  &lt;fileset dir=&quot;${build.src}&quot; includes=&quot;**/vssver.scc&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/delete&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>You need to switch off the default exclusions,
           and it will work:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;delete&gt;
  &lt;fileset dir=&quot;${build.src}&quot; includes=&quot;**/vssver.scc&quot;
           defaultexcludes=&quot;no&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/delete&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>For a complete listing of the patterns that are excluded
        by default, see <a href="manual/dirtasks.html#defaultexcludes">the user
        manual</a>.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="stop-dependency"></a>
      I have a target I want to skip if a property is set,
      so I have <code>unless="property"</code> as an attribute
      of the target, but all the targets this target
      depends on are still executed. Why?
    </p>
                  <p>The list of dependencies is generated by Ant before any of the
        targets are run. This allows dependent targets, such as an
        <code>init</code> target, to set properties that can control the
               execution of the targets higher in the dependency graph. This
              is a good thing.</p>
                        <p>However, when your dependencies break down the
        higher-level task
        into several smaller steps, this behaviour becomes
        counter-intuitive. There are a couple of solutions available:
        </p>
                        <ol>
          <li>Put the same condition on each of the dependent targets.</li>

          <li>Execute the steps using <code>&lt;antcall&gt;</code>,
          instead of specifying them inside the <code>depends</code>
          attribute.</li>
        </ol>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="include-order"></a>
      In my <code>&lt;fileset&gt;</code>, I've put in an
      <code>&lt;exclude&gt;</code> of all files followed by an
      <code>&lt;include&gt;</code> of just the files I want, but it
      isn't giving me any files at all. What's wrong?
      
    </p>
                  <p>The order of the <code>&lt;include&gt;</code> and
        <code>&lt;exclude&gt;</code> tags within a <code>&lt;fileset&gt;</code>
        is ignored when the FileSet is created. Instead, all of the
        <code>&lt;include&gt;</code> elements are processed together,
        followed by all of the <code>&lt;exclude&gt;</code>
        elements. This means that the <code>&lt;exclude&gt;</code>
        elements only apply to the file list produced by the
        <code>&lt;include&gt;</code> elements.</p>
                        <p>To get the files you want, focus on just the
        <code>&lt;include&gt;</code> patterns that would be necessary
        to get them. If you find you need to trim the list that the
        <code>&lt;include&gt;</code> elements produce, then use
        <code>&lt;exclude&gt;</code> elements.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="properties-not-trimmed"></a>
      <code>ant</code> failed to build my program via javac
      even when I put the needed jars in an external
      <code>build.properties</code> file and reference them by
      <code>pathelement</code> or <code>classpath refid</code>.
    </p>
                  <p>When <code>ant</code> loads properties from an external
        file it dosn't touch the value of properties, trailing blanks
        will not be trimmed for example.</p>
                        <p>If the value represents a file path, like a jar needed to
        compile, the task which requires the value, javac for example
        would fail to compile since it can't find the file due to
        trailing spaces.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="winzip-lies"></a>
      Ant creates WAR files with a lower-case
        <code>web-inf</code> or JAR files with a lower-case
        <code>meta-inf</code> directory.
    </p>
                  <p>No it doesn't.</p>
                        <p>You may have seen these lower-case directory names in
        WinZIP, but WinZIP is trying to be helpful (and fails).  If
        WinZIP encounters a filename that is all upper-case, it
        assumes it has come from an old DOS box and changes the case to
        all lower-case for you.</p>
                        <p>If you extract (or just check) the archive with jar, you
        will see that the names have the correct case.</p>
                        <p>With WinZIP (version 8.1 at least), this can be corrected in the
        configuration.  In the Options/Configuration menu, in the View tab, General
        section, check the "Allow all upper case files names" box.  The META-INF and
        WEB-INF will look correct.</p>
                                <p class="faq">
      <a name="integration"></a>
      Is Ant supported by my IDE/Editor?
    </p>
                  <p>See the <a href="external.html#IDE and Editor Integration">section
        on IDE integration</a> on our External Tools and Tasks page.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="emacs-mode"></a>
      Why doesn't (X)Emacs/vi/MacOS X's project builder
      correctly parse the error messages generated by Ant?
    </p>
                  <p>Ant adds a "banner" with the name of the current
        task in front of all logging messages - and there are no built-in
        regular expressions in your editor that would account for
        this.</p>
                        <p>You can disable this banner by invoking Ant with the
        <code>-emacs</code> switch.  To make Ant autodetect
        Emacs' compile mode, put this into your
        <code>.antrc</code> (contributed by Ville Skytt�).</p>
                        <pre class="code">
# Detect (X)Emacs compile mode
if [ &quot;$EMACS&quot; = &quot;t&quot; ] ; then
  ANT_ARGS=&quot;$ANT_ARGS -emacs&quot;
  ANT_OPTS=&quot;$ANT_OPTS -Dbuild.compiler.emacs=true&quot;
fi
</pre>
                        <p>Alternatively, you can add the following snippet to your
        <code>.emacs</code> to make Emacs understand Ant's
        output.</p>
                        <pre class="code">
(require 'compile)
(setq compilation-error-regexp-alist
  (append (list
     ;; works for jikes
     '(&quot;^\\s-*\\[[^]]*\\]\\s-*\\(.+\\):\\([0-9]+\\):\\([0-9]+\\):[0-9]+:[0-9]+:&quot; 1 2 3)
     ;; works for javac
     '(&quot;^\\s-*\\[[^]]*\\]\\s-*\\(.+\\):\\([0-9]+\\):&quot; 1 2))
  compilation-error-regexp-alist))
</pre>
                        <p>Yet another alternative that preserves most of Ant's
        formatting is to pipe Ant's output through the following Perl
        script by Dirk-Willem van Gulik:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
#!/usr/bin/perl
#
# May 2001 dirkx@apache.org - remove any
# [foo] lines from the output; keeping
# spacing more or less there.
#
$|=1;
while(&lt;STDIN&gt;) {
        if (s/^(\s+)\[(\w+)\]//) {
                if ($2 ne $last) {
                        print &quot;$1\[$2\]&quot;;
                        $s = ' ' x length($2);
                } else {
                        print &quot;$1 $s &quot;;
                };
                $last = $2;
        };
        print;
};
</pre>
                                <p class="faq">
      <a name="dtd"></a>
      Is there a DTD that I can use to validate my build
      files?
    </p>
                  <p>An incomplete DTD can be created by the
          <code>&lt;antstructure&gt;</code> task - but this one
          has a few problems:</p>
                        <ul>
            <li>It doesn't know about required attributes.  Only
            manual tweaking of this file can help here.</li>

            <li>It is not complete - if you add new tasks via
            <code>&lt;taskdef&gt;</code> it won't know about it.  See
            <a href="http://www.sdv.fr/pages/casa/html/ant-dtd.en.html">this
            page</a> by Michel Casabianca for a solution to this
            problem.  Note that the DTD you can download at this page
            is based on Ant 0.3.1.</li>

            <li>It may even be an invalid DTD.  As Ant allows tasks
            writers to define arbitrary elements, name collisions will
            happen quite frequently - if your version of Ant contains
            the optional <code>&lt;test&gt;</code> and
            <code>&lt;junit&gt;</code> tasks, there are two XML
            elements named <code>test</code> (the task and the nested child
            element of <code>&lt;junit&gt;</code>) with different attribute
            lists.  This problem cannot be solved; DTDs don't give a
            syntax rich enough to support this.</li>
          </ul>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="xml-entity-include"></a>
      How do I include an XML snippet in my build file?
    </p>
                  <p>You can use XML's way of including external files and let
        the parser do the job for Ant:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;

&lt;!DOCTYPE project [
    &lt;!ENTITY common SYSTEM &quot;file:./common.xml&quot;&gt;
]&gt;

&lt;project name=&quot;test&quot; default=&quot;test&quot; basedir=&quot;.&quot;&gt;

  &lt;target name=&quot;setup&quot;&gt;
    ...
  &lt;/target&gt;

  &amp;common;

  ...

&lt;/project&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>will literally include the contents of <code>common.xml</code> where
        you've placed the <code>&amp;common;</code> entity.</p>
                        <p>In combination with a DTD, this would look like this:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;!DOCTYPE project PUBLIC &quot;-//ANT//DTD project//EN&quot; &quot;file:./ant.dtd&quot; [
   &lt;!ENTITY include SYSTEM &quot;file:./header.xml&quot;&gt;
]&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>Starting with Ant 1.6, there is a new
        <code>&lt;import&gt;</code> task that can (also) be used to
        include build file fragments.  Unlike the snippets used with
        entity includes, the referenced files have to be complete Ant
        build files, though.</p>
                        <p>The example above would become:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?&gt;
&lt;project name=&quot;test&quot; default=&quot;test&quot; basedir=&quot;.&quot;&gt;

  &lt;target name=&quot;setup&quot;&gt;
    ...
  &lt;/target&gt;

  &lt;import file=&quot;./common.xml&quot;/&gt;

  ...

&lt;/project&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>Unlike entity includes, <code>&lt;import&gt;</code> will
        let you use Ant properties in the file name.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="mail-logger"></a>
      How do I send an email with the result of my build
        process?
    </p>
                  <p>If you are using a nightly build of Ant 1.5 after
        2001-12-14, you can use the built-in MailLogger:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
         ant -logger org.apache.tools.ant.listener.MailLogger
</pre>
                        <p>See the <a href="http://cvs.apache.org/viewcvs/~checkout~/ant/docs/manual/listeners.html?content-type=text/html">Listeners
        &amp; Loggers</a> documentation for details on the properties
        required.</p>
                        <p>For older versions of Ant, you can use a custom
        BuildListener that sends out an email
        in the buildFinished() method.  Will Glozer
        &lt;will.glozer@jda.com&gt; has written such a listener based
        on <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/javamail/">JavaMail</a>.
        The source is:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import javax.mail.*;
import javax.mail.internet.*;
import org.apache.tools.ant.*;

/**
 * A simple listener that waits for a build to finish and sends an email
 * of the results.  The settings are stored in &quot;monitor.properties&quot; and
 * are fairly self explanatory.
 *
 * @author      Will Glozer
 * @version     1.05a 09/06/2000
 */
public class BuildMonitor implements BuildListener {
    protected Properties props;

    /**
     * Create a new BuildMonitor.
     */
    public BuildMonitor() throws Exception {
        props = new Properties();
        InputStream is = getClass().getResourceAsStream(&quot;monitor.properties&quot;);
        props.load(is);
        is.close();
    }

    public void buildStarted(BuildEvent e) {
    }

    /**
     * Determine the status of the build and the actions to follow, now that
     * the build has completed.
     *
     * @param       e       Event describing the build status.
     */
    public void buildFinished(BuildEvent e) {
        Throwable th = e.getException();
        String status = (th != null) ? &quot;failed&quot; : &quot;succeeded&quot;;

        try {
            String key = &quot;build.&quot; + status;
            if (props.getProperty(key + &quot;.notify&quot;).equalsIgnoreCase(&quot;false&quot;)) {
                    return;
            }

            Session session = Session.getDefaultInstance(props, null);

            MimeMessage message = new MimeMessage(session);
            message.addRecipients(Message.RecipientType.TO, parseAddresses(
                props.getProperty(key + &quot;.email.to&quot;)));
            message.setSubject(props.getProperty(key + &quot;.email.subject&quot;));

            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
                props.getProperty(&quot;build.log&quot;)));
            StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();

            String line = br.readLine();
            while (line != null) {
                sw.write(line);
                sw.write(&quot;\n&quot;);
                line = br.readLine();
            }
            br.close();

            message.setText(sw.toString(), &quot;UTF-8&quot;);
            sw.close();

            Transport transport = session.getTransport();
            transport.connect();
            transport.send(message);
            transport.close();
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            System.out.println(&quot;BuildMonitor failed to send email!&quot;);
            ex.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Parse a comma separated list of internet email addresses.
     *
     * @param       s       The list of addresses.
     * @return      Array of Addresses.
     */
    protected Address[] parseAddresses(String s) throws Exception {
        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(s, &quot;,&quot;);
        Address[] addrs = new Address[st.countTokens()];

        for (int i = 0; i &lt; addrs.length; i++) {
            addrs[i] = new InternetAddress(st.nextToken());
        }
        return addrs;
    }

    public void messageLogged(BuildEvent e) {
    }

    public void targetStarted(BuildEvent e) {
    }

    public void targetFinished(BuildEvent e) {
    }

    public void taskStarted(BuildEvent e) {
    }

    public void taskFinished(BuildEvent e) {
    }
}
</pre>
                        <p>With a <code>monitor.properties</code> like this:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
# configuration for build monitor

mail.transport.protocol=smtp
mail.smtp.host=&lt;host&gt;
mail.from=Will Glozer &lt;will.glozer@jda.com&gt;

build.log=build.log

build.failed.notify=true
build.failed.email.to=will.glozer@jda.com
build.failed.email.subject=Nightly build failed!

build.succeeded.notify=true
build.succeeded.email.to=will.glozer@jda.com
build.succeeded.email.subject=Nightly build succeeded!
</pre>
                        <p><code>monitor.properties</code> should be placed right next
        to your compiled <code>BuildMonitor.class</code>.  To use it,
        invoke Ant like:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
ant -listener BuildMonitor -logfile build.log
</pre>
                        <p>Make sure that <code>mail.jar</code> from JavaMail and
        <code>activation.jar</code> from the
        <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/javabeans/glasgow/jaf.html">Java
        Beans Activation Framework</a> are in your <code>CLASSPATH</code>.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="listener-properties"></a>
      How do I get at the properties that Ant was running
      with from inside BuildListener?
    </p>
                  <p>You can get at a hashtable with all the properties that Ant
        has been using through the BuildEvent parameter. For
        example:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
public void buildFinished(BuildEvent e) {
    Hashtable table = e.getProject().getProperties();
    String buildpath = (String)table.get(&quot;build.path&quot;);
    ...
}
</pre>
                        <p>This is more accurate than just reading the same property
        files that your project does, since it will give the correct
        results for properties that were specified on the Ant command line.</p>
                                <p class="faq">
      <a name="remove-cr"></a>
      &lt;chmod&gt; or &lt;exec&gt; doesn't work in Ant
        1.3 on Unix
    </p>
                  <p>The <code>antRun</code> script in <code>ANT_HOME/bin</code>
        has DOS instead of Unix line endings; you must remove the
        carriage-return characters from this file.  This can be done by
        using Ant's <code>&lt;fixcrlf&gt;</code> task
        or something like:</p>
                        <pre class="code">
tr -d '\r' &lt; $ANT_HOME/bin/antRun &gt; /tmp/foo
mv /tmp/foo $ANT_HOME/bin/antRun
</pre>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="javadoc-cannot-execute"></a>
      JavaDoc failed: java.io.IOException: javadoc: cannot execute
    </p>
                  <p>There is a bug in the Solaris reference implementation of
        the JDK (see <a href="http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/bugParade/bugs/4230399.html">http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/bugParade/bugs/4230399.html</a>).
        This also appears to be true under Linux. Moving the JDK to
        the front of the PATH fixes the problem.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="delegating-classloader"></a>
      &lt;style&gt; or &lt;junit&gt; ignores my
      &lt;classpath&gt;
    </p>
                  <p>These tasks don't ignore your classpath setting, you
        are facing a common problem with delegating classloaders.</p>
                        <p>First of all let's state that Ant adds all
        <code>.jar</code> files from <code>ANT_HOME/lib</code> to
        <code>CLASSPATH</code>, therefore "in
        <code>CLASSPATH</code>" shall mean "either in your
        <code>CLASSPATH</code> environment variable or
        <code>ANT_HOME/lib</code>" for the rest of this
        answer.</p>
                        <p>Technically the sentence above isn't true for Ant 1.6
        and later anymore, but the result is the same.  For the sake
        of this discussion, <code>CLASSPATH</code> and
        <code>ANT_HOME/lib</code> are identical.</p>
                        <p>This question collects a common type of problem: A task
        needs an external library and it has a nested classpath
        element so that you can point it to this external library, but
        that doesn't work unless you put the external library into the
        <code>CLASSPATH</code>.</p>
                        <p>The root of the problem is that the class that needs the
        external library is on the <code>CLASSPATH</code>.</p>
                        <p>When you specify a nested <code>&lt;classpath&gt;</code> in
        Ant, Ant creates a new class loader that uses the path you
        have specified.  It then tries to load additional classes from
        this classloader.</p>
                        <p>In most cases - for example the two cases above - Ant
        doesn't load the external library directly, it is the loaded
        class that does so.</p>
                        <p>In the case of <code>&lt;junit&gt;</code> it is the task
        implementation itself and in the case of
        <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> it is the implementation of the
        <code>org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.XSLTLiaison</code>
        class.</p>
                        <p>Ant's class loader implementation uses Java's
        delegation model, see <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/lang/ClassLoader.html">http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/api/java/lang/ClassLoader.html</a>
        the paragraph</p>
                        <blockquote>The <code>ClassLoader</code> class uses a
        delegation model to search for classes and resources. Each
        instance of <code>ClassLoader</code> has an associated parent
        class loader.  When called upon to find a class or resource, a
        <code>ClassLoader</code> instance will delegate the search for
        the class or resource to its parent class loader before
        attempting to find the class or resource itself. The virtual
        machine's built-in class loader, called the bootstrap
        class loader, does not itself have a parent but may serve as
        the parent of a <code>ClassLoader</code>
        instance.</blockquote>
                        <p>This means, Ant's class loader will consult the
        bootstrap class loader first, which tries to load classes from
        <code>CLASSPATH</code>.  The bootstrap class loader
        doesn't know anything about Ant's class loader or
        even the path you have specified.</p>
                        <p>If the bootstrap class loader can load the class Ant has
        asked it to load, this class will try to load the external
        library from <code>CLASSPATH</code> as well - it doesn't
        know anything else - and will not find it unless the library
        is in <code>CLASSPATH</code> as well.</p>
                        <p>To solve this, you have two major options:</p>
                        <ol>
          <li>put all external libraries you need in
          <code>CLASSPATH</code> as well this is not what you want,
          otherwise you wouldn't have found this FAQ entry.</li>

          <li>remove the class that loads the external library from
          the <code>CLASSPATH</code>.</li>
        </ol>
                        <p><strong>Using The Second Option with Ant 1.5.4 and
        Earlier:</strong></p>
                        <p>The easiest way to do this is to remove
        <code>optional.jar</code> from <code>ANT_HOME/lib</code>.  If
        you do so, you will have to <code>&lt;taskdef&gt;</code> all
        optional tasks and use nested <code>&lt;classpath&gt;</code>
        elements in the <code>&lt;taskdef&gt;</code> tasks that point
        to the new location of <code>optional.jar</code>.  Also,
        don't forget to add the new location of
        <code>optional.jar</code> to the
        <code>&lt;classpath&gt;</code> of your
        <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> or <code>&lt;junit&gt;</code>
        task.</p>
                        <p>If you want to avoid to <code>&lt;taskdef&gt;</code> all
        optional tasks you need, the only other option is to remove
        the classes that should not be loaded via the bootstrap class
        loader from <code>optional.jar</code> and put them into a
        separate archive. Add this separate archive to the
        <code>&lt;classpath&gt;</code> of your
        <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> or <code>&lt;junit&gt;</code> task
        - and make sure the separate archive is not in
        <code>CLASSPATH</code>.</p>
                        <p>In the case of <code>&lt;junit&gt;</code> you'd have
        to remove all classes that are in the
        <code>org/apache/tools/ant/taskdefs/optional/junit</code>
        directory, in the <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> case it is one of
        the <code>*Liaison</code> classes in
        <code>org/apache/tools/ant/taskdefs/optional</code>.</p>
                        <p><strong>Using The Second Option with Ant 1.6 and
        later:</strong></p>
                        <p>In Ant 1.6 <code>optional.jar</code> has been split into
        multiple jars, each one containing classes with the same
        dependencies on external libraries.  You can move the
        "offending" jar out of ANT_HOME/lib.  For the
        <code>&lt;junit&gt;</code> task it would be
        <code>ant-junit.jar</code> and for <code>&lt;style&gt;</code>
        it would be <code>ant-trax.jar</code>,
        <code>ant-xalan1.jar</code> or <code>ant-xslp.jar</code> -
        depending on the processor you use.</p>
                        <p>If you use the option to break up <code>optional.jar</code>
        for <code>&lt;junit&gt;</code> or remove
        <code>ant-junit.jar</code>, you still have to use a
        <code>&lt;taskdef&gt;</code> with a nested
        <code>&lt;classpath&gt;</code> to define the junit task.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="winxp-jdk14-ant14"></a>
      When running Ant 1.4 on Windows XP and JDK 1.4, I get
      various errors when trying to <code>&lt;exec&gt;</code>, fork
      <code>&lt;java&gt;</code> or access environment
      variables.
    </p>
                  <p>Ant &lt; 1.5 doesn't recognize Windows XP as a flavor
        of Windows that runs <code>CMD.EXE</code> instead of
        <code>COMMAND.COM</code>.  JDK 1.3 will tell Ant that Windows
        XP is Windows 2000 so the problem doesn't show up
        there.</p>
                        <p>Apart from upgrading to Ant 1.5 or better, setting the
        environment variable <code>ANT_OPTS</code> to
        <code>-Dos.name=Windows_NT</code> prior to invoking Ant has
        been confirmed as a workaround.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="1.5-cygwin-sh"></a>
      The <code>ant</code> wrapper script of Ant 1.5 fails
      for Cygwin if <code>ANT_HOME</code> is set to a Windows style
      path.
    </p>
                  <p>This problem has been reported only hours after Ant 1.5 has
        been released, see <a href="http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=10664">Bug
        10664</a> and all its duplicates.</p>
                        <p>A fixed version of the wrapper script can be found <a href="http://ant.apache.org/old-releases/v1.5/errata/">here</a>.
        Simply replace your script with this version.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="1.5.2-zip-broken"></a>
      <code>&lt;zip&gt;</code> is broken in Ant 1.5.2.
    </p>
                  <p>Yes, it is.</p>
                        <p>The problem reported by most people - see <a href="http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17648">Bug
        17648</a> and all its duplicates - is that Ant creates
        archives that a partially unreadable by WinZIP.  Luckily
        <code>jar</code> deals with the archives and so the generated
        jars/wars/ears will most likely work for you anyway.</p>
                        <p>There are additional problems, see bugs <a href="http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17780">Bug
        17780</a>, <a href="http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17871">Bug
        17871</a> and <a href="http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=18403">Bug
        18403</a>.  All of them are supposed to be fixed with Ant
        1.5.3 (and only 18403 should exist in 1.5.3beta1).</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="unknownelement.taskcontainer"></a>
      
        Why do my custom task containers see Unknown Elements in Ant 1.6
        - they worked in Ant 1.5?
      
    </p>
                  <p>
          The objects added in TaskContainer.addTask(Task task)
          have changed from  Tasks to UnknownElements.
        </p>
                        <p>
          There was a number of valid reasons for this change. But the backward
          compatibility problems were not noticed until after Ant 1.6.0 was
          released.
        </p>
                        <p>
          Your container class will need to be modified to check if the Task
          is an UnknownElement and call perform on it to
          convert it to a Task and to execute it.
          (see apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential)
        </p>
                        <p>
          If you want to do more processing on the task,
          you need to use the techniques in apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Antlib#execute()
          This does make use of one 1.6 method call (UE#getRealObject()),
          you need to use UE#getTask() instead - this will
          return null for non tasks (types like fileset id=x).
        </p>
                        <p>
          So.. iterate over the tasks, if they are UEs, convert them to
          tasks, using UE#maybeConfigure and UE#getTask()
        </p>
                        <pre class="code">
        for (Iterator i = tasks.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
           Task t = (Task) i.next();
           if (t instanceof UnknownElement) {
              ((UnknownElement) t).maybeConfigure();
              t = ((UnknownElement) t).getTask();
              if (t == null) {
                  continue;
              }
           }
           // .... original Custom code
        }
        </pre>
                        <p>
          This approach should work for ant1.5 and ant1.6.
        </p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="java.exception.stacktrace"></a>
      
        The program I run via &lt;java&gt; throws an exception but I
        can't seem to get the full stack trace.
      
    </p>
                  <p>This is a know bug that has been fixed after the release of
        Ant 1.6.1.</p>
                        <p>As a workaround, run your &lt;java&gt; task with
        <code>fork="true"</code> and Ant will display the full
        trace.</p>
                    <p class="faq">
      <a name="junit-no-runtime-xml"></a>
      
        Using format="xml", &lt;junit&gt; fails with a
        <code>NoClassDefFoundError</code> if forked.
      
    </p>
                  <p>The XML formatter needs the <a href="http://www.w3.org/DOM/">DOM classes</a> to work.  If you
        are using JDK 1.4 or later they are included with your Java
        Runtime and this problem won't occur.  If you are running JDK
        1.3 or earlier, the DOM classes have to be on your
        &lt;junit&gt; task's &lt;classpath&gt;.</p>
                        <p>Prior to Ant 1.6.0 Ant would include the DOM classes from
        the XML parser that is used by Ant itself if you set the
        includeAntRuntime attribute to true (the default).  With Ant
        1.6.0 this has been changed as this behavior made it
        impossible to use a different XML parser in your tests.</p>
                        <p>This means that you have to take care of the DOM classes
        explicitly starting with Ant 1.6.0.  If you don't need to set
        up a different XML parser for your tests, the easiest solution
        is to add</p>
                        <pre class="code">
&lt;pathelement path=&quot;${ant.home}/lib/xml-apis.jar:${ant.home}/lib/xercesImpl.jar&quot;/&gt;
</pre>
                        <p>to your task's &lt;classpath&gt;.</p>
                    </div>
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