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<h2><a name="zip">Zip</a></h2>
<h3>Description</h3>
<p>Creates a zipfile.</p>
<p>The <i>basedir</i> attribute is the reference directory from where to zip.</p>
<p>Note that file permissions will not be stored in the resulting zipfile.</p>
<p>It is possible to refine the set of files that are being zipped. This can be
done with the <i>includes</i>, <i>includesfile</i>, <i>excludes</i>, <i>excludesfile</i> and <i>defaultexcludes</i>
attributes. With the <i>includes</i> or <i>includesfile</i> attribute you specify the files you want to
have included by using patterns. The <i>exclude</i> or <i>excludesfile</i> attribute is used to specify
the files you want to have excluded. This is also done with patterns. And
finally with the <i>defaultexcludes</i> attribute, you can specify whether you
want to use default exclusions or not. See the section on <a
href="../dirtasks.html#directorybasedtasks">directory based tasks</a>, on how the
inclusion/exclusion of files works, and how to write patterns. </p>
<p>This task forms an implicit <a href="../Types/fileset.html">FileSet</a> and
supports most attributes of <code>&lt;fileset&gt;</code>
(<code>dir</code> becomes <code>basedir</code>) as well as the nested
<code>&lt;include&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;exclude&gt;</code> and
<code>&lt;patternset&gt;</code> elements.</p>
<p>Or, you may place within it nested file sets, or references to file sets.
In this case <code>basedir</code> is optional; the implicit file set is <i>only used</i>
if <code>basedir</code> is set. You may use any mixture of the implicit file set
(with <code>basedir</code> set, and optional attributes like <code>includes</code>
and optional subelements like <code>&lt;include&gt;</code>); explicit nested
<code>&lt;fileset&gt;</code> elements so long as at least one fileset total is specified. The ZIP file will
only reflect the relative paths of files <i>within</i> each fileset. The Zip task and its derivatives know a special form of a fileset named zipfileset that has additional attributes (described below). </p>
<p>The Zip task also supports the merging of multiple zip files into the zip file. 
This is possible through either the <i>src</i> attribute of any nested filesets 
or by using the special nested fileset <i>zipgroupfileset</i>.</p>

<p>The <code>update</code> parameter controls what happens if the ZIP
file already exists. When set to <code>yes</code>, the ZIP file is
updated with the files specified. (New files are added; old files are
replaced with the new versions.) When set to <code>no</code> (the
default) the ZIP file is overwritten if any of the files that would be
added to the archive are newer than the entries inside the archive.
Please note that ZIP files store file modification times with a
granularity of two seconds.  If a file is less than two seconds newer
than the entry in the archive, Apache Ant will not consider it newer.</p>

<p>The <code>whenempty</code> parameter controls what happens when no files match.
If <code>skip</code> (the default), the ZIP is not created and a warning is issued.
If <code>fail</code>, the ZIP is not created and the build is halted with an error.
If <code>create</code>, an empty ZIP file (explicitly zero entries) is created,
which should be recognized as such by compliant ZIP manipulation tools.</p>
<p>This task will now use the platform's default character encoding
for filenames - this is consistent with the command line ZIP tools,
but causes problems if you try to open them from within Java and your
filenames contain non US-ASCII characters. Use the encoding attribute
and set it to UTF8 to create zip files that can safely be read by
Java.  For a more complete discussion,
see <a href="#encoding">below</a></p>

<p>Starting with Ant 1.5.2, <code>&lt;zip&gt;</code> can store Unix permissions
inside the archive (see description of the filemode and dirmode
attributes for <a href="../Types/zipfileset.html">&lt;zipfileset&gt;</a>).
Unfortunately there is no portable way to store these permissions.
Ant uses the algorithm used by <a href="http://www.info-zip.org">Info-Zip's</a>
implementation of the zip and unzip commands - these are the default
versions of zip and unzip for many Unix and Unix-like systems.</p>

<p><b>Please note that the zip format allows multiple files of the same
fully-qualified name to exist within a single archive.  This has been
documented as causing various problems for unsuspecting users.  If you wish
to avoid this behavior you must set the <code>duplicate</code> attribute
to a value other than its default, <code>&quot;add&quot;</code>.</b></p>

<p><b>Please also note</b> that different ZIP tools handle timestamps
differently when it comes to applying timezone offset calculations of
files.  Some ZIP libraries will store the timestamps as they've been
read from the filesystem while others will modify the timestamps both
when reading and writing the files to make all timestamps use the same
timezone.  A ZIP archive created by one library may extract files with
"wrong timestamps" when extracted by another library.</p>

<p>Ant's ZIP classes use the same algorithm as the InfoZIP tools and
zlib (timestamps get adjusted), Windows' "compressed folders" function
and WinZIP don't change the timestamps.  This means that using the
unzip task on files created by Windows' compressed folders function
may create files with timestamps that are "wrong", the same is true if
you use Windows' functions to extract an Ant generated ZIP
archive.</p>

<h3>Parameters</h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
  <tr>
    <td valign="top"><b>Attribute</b></td>
    <td valign="top"><b>Description</b></td>
    <td valign="top" align="center"><b>Required</b></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">destfile</td>
    <td valign="top">the zip-file to create.</td>
    <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2">Exactly one of the two.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">zipfile</td>
    <td valign="top">the <i>deprecated</i> old name of destfile.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">basedir</td>
    <td valign="top">the directory from which to zip the files.</td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">compress</td>
    <td valign="top">Not only store data but also compress them,
    defaults to true.  Unless you set the <em>keepcompression</em>
    attribute to false, this will apply to the entire archive, not
    only the files you've added while updating.</td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">keepcompression</td>
    <td valign="top">For entries coming from existing archives (like
    nested <em>zipfileset</em>s or while updating the archive), keep
    the compression as it has been originally instead of using the
    <em>compress</em> attribute.  Defaults false.  <em>Since Ant
    1.6</em></td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">encoding</td>
    <td valign="top">The character encoding to use for filenames
    inside the zip file.  For a list of possible values see the <a
                href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/intl/encoding.doc.html">Supported Encodings</a>.<br/>
    Defaults to the platform's default character encoding.
      <br/>See also the <a href="#encoding">discussion below</a></td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">filesonly</td>
    <td valign="top">Store only file entries, defaults to false</td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">includes</td>
    <td valign="top">comma- or space-separated list of patterns of files that must be
      included. All files are included when omitted.</td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">includesfile</td>
    <td valign="top">the name of a file. Each line of this file is
      taken to be an include pattern</td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">excludes</td>
    <td valign="top">comma- or space-separated list of patterns of files that must be
      excluded. No files (except default excludes) are excluded when omitted.</td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">excludesfile</td>
    <td valign="top">the name of a file. Each line of this file is
      taken to be an exclude pattern</td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">defaultexcludes</td>
    <td valign="top">indicates whether default excludes should be used or not
      (&quot;yes&quot;/&quot;no&quot;). Default excludes are used when omitted.</td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">update</td>
    <td valign="top">indicates whether to update or overwrite
      the destination file if it already exists.  Default is &quot;false&quot;.</td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">whenempty</td>
    <td valign="top">behavior when no files match.  Valid values are &quot;fail&quot;, &quot;skip&quot;, and &quot;create&quot;.  Default is &quot;skip&quot;.</td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">duplicate</td>
    <td valign="top">behavior when a duplicate file is found.  Valid values are &quot;add&quot;, &quot;preserve&quot;, and &quot;fail&quot;. The default value is &quot;add&quot;.  </td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">roundup</td>
    <td valign="top">Whether the file modification times will be
    rounded up to the next even number of seconds.<br>
    Zip archives store file modification times with a granularity of
    two seconds, so the times will either be rounded up or down.  If
    you round down, the archive will always seem out-of-date when you
    rerun the task, so the default is to round up.  Rounding up may
    lead to a different type of problems like JSPs inside a web
    archive that seem to be slightly more recent than precompiled
    pages, rendering precompilation useless.<br>
    Defaults to true.  <em>Since Ant 1.6.2</em></td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">comment</td>
    <td valign="top">Comment to store in the archive. <em>Since Ant 1.6.3</em></td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">level</td>
    <td valign="top">Non-default level at which file compression should be
    performed. Valid values range from 0 (no compression/fastest) to 9
    (maximum compression/slowest). <em>Since Ant 1.7</em></td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">preserve0permissions</td>
    <td valign="top">when updating an archive or adding entries from a
    different archive Ant will assume that a Unix permissions value of
    0 (nobody is allowed to do anything to the file/directory) means
    that the permissions haven't been stored at all rather than real
    permissions and will instead apply its own default values.<br/>
    Set this attribute to true if you really want to preserve the
      original permission field.<em>since Ant 1.8.0</em>
    </td>
    <td valign="top" align="center">No, default is false</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">useLanguageEncodingFlag</td>
    <td valign="top">Whether to set the language encoding flag if the
      encoding is UTF-8.  This setting doesn't have any effect if the
      encoding is not UTF-8.
      <em>Since Ant 1.8.0</em>.
      <br/>See also the <a href="#encoding">discussion below</a></td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No, default is true</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">createUnicodeExtraFields</td>
    <td valign="top">Whether to create unicode extra fields to store
      the file names a second time inside the entry's metadata.
      <br>Possible values are "never", "always" and "not-encodeable"
      which will only add Unicode extra fields if the file name cannot
      be encoded using the specified encoding.
      <em>Since Ant 1.8.0</em>.
      <br/>See also the <a href="#encoding">discussion below</a></td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No, default is "never"</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">fallbacktoUTF8</td>
    <td valign="top">Whether to use UTF-8 and the language encoding
      flag instead of the specified encoding if a file name cannot be
      encoded using the specified encoding.
      <em>Since Ant 1.8.0</em>.
      <br/>See also the <a href="#encoding">discussion below</a></td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No, default is false</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td valign="top">zip64Mode</td>
    <td valign="top">When to use Zip64 extensions for entries.  The
      possible values are "never", "always" and "as-needed".
      <em>Since Ant 1.9.1</em>.
      <br/>See also the <a href="#zip64">discussion below</a></td>
    <td align="center" valign="top">No, default is "as-needed"</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<h3><a name="encoding">Encoding of File Names</a></h3>

<p>Traditionally the ZIP archive format uses CodePage 437 as encoding
  for file name, which is not sufficient for many international
  character sets.</p>

<p>Over time different archivers have chosen different ways to work
  around the limitation - the <code>java.util.zip</code> packages
  simply uses UTF-8 as its encoding for example.</p>

<p>Ant has been offering the encoding attribute of the zip and unzip
  task as a way to explicitly specify the encoding to use (or expect)
  since Ant 1.4.  It defaults to the platform's default encoding for
  zip and UTF-8 for jar and other jar-like tasks (war, ear, ...) as
  well as the unzip family of tasks.</p>

<p>More recent versions of the ZIP specification introduce something
  called the &quot;language encoding flag&quot; which can be used to
  signal that a file name has been encoded using UTF-8.  Starting with
  Ant 1.8.0 all zip-/jar- and similar archives written by Ant will set
  this flag, if the encoding has been set to UTF-8.  Our
  interoperabilty tests with existing archivers didn't show any ill
  effects (in fact, most archivers ignore the flag to date), but you
  can turn off the "language encoding flag" by setting the attribute
  <code>useLanguageEncodingFlag</code> to <code>false</code> on the
  zip-task if you should encounter problems.</p>

<p>The unzip (and similar tasks) -task will recognize the language
  encoding flag and ignore the encoding set on the task if it has been
  found.</p>

<p>The InfoZIP developers have introduced new ZIP extra fields that
  can be used to add an additional UTF-8 encoded file name to the
  entry's metadata.  Most archivers ignore these extra fields.  The
  zip family of tasks support an
  option <code>createUnicodeExtraFields</code> since Ant 1.8.0 which
  makes Ant write these extra fields either for all entries ("always")
  or only those whose name cannot be encoded using the specified
  encoding (not-encodeable), it defaults to "never" since the extra
  fields create bigger archives.</p>

<p>The fallbackToUTF8 attribute of zip can be used to create archives
  that use the specified encoding in the majority of cases but UTF-8 and
  the language encoding flag for filenames that cannot be encoded
  using the specified encoding.</p>

<p>The unzip-task will recognize the unicode extra fields by default
  and read the file name information from them, unless you set the
  optional attribute <code>scanForUnicodeExtraFields</code> to
  false.</p>

<h4>Recommendations for Interoperability</h4>

<p>The optimal setting of flags depends on the archivers you expect as
  consumers/producers of the ZIP archives.  Below are some test
  results which may be superseeded with later versions of each
  tool.</p>

<ul>
  <li>The java.util.zip package used by the jar executable or to read
    jars from your CLASSPATH reads and writes UTF-8 names, it doesn't
    set or recognize any flags or unicode extra fields.</li>

  <li>Starting with Java7 <code>java.util.zip</code> writes UTF-8 by
    default and uses the language encoding flag.  It is possible to
    specify a different encoding when reading/writing ZIPs via new
    constructors.  The package now recognizes the language encoding
    flag when reading and ignores the Unicode extra fields.</li>

  <li>7Zip writes CodePage 437 by default but uses UTF-8 and the
    language encoding flag when writing entries that cannot be encoded
    as CodePage 437 (similar to the zip task with fallbacktoUTF8 set
    to true).  It recognizes the language encoding flag when reading
    and ignores the unicode extra fields.</li>

  <li>WinZIP writes CodePage 437 and uses unicode extra fields by
    default.  It recognizes the unicode extra field and the language
    encoding flag when reading.</li>

  <li>Windows' "compressed folder" feature doesn't recognize any flag
    or extra field and creates archives using the platforms default
    encoding - and expects archives to be in that encoding when reading
    them.</li>

  <li>InfoZIP based tools can recognize and write both, it is a
    compile time option and depends on the platform so your mileage
    may vary.</li>

  <li>PKWARE zip tools recognize both and prefer the language encoding
    flag.  They create archives using CodePage 437 if possible and UTF-8
    plus the language encoding flag for file names that cannot be
    encoded as CodePage 437.</li>
</ul>

<p>So, what to do?</p>

<p>If you are creating jars, then java.util.zip is your main
  consumer.  We recommend you set the encoding to UTF-8 and keep the
  language encoding flag enabled.  The flag won't help or hurt
  java.util.zip prior to Java7 but archivers that support it will show
  the correct file names.</p>

<p>For maximum interop it is probably best to set the encoding to
  UTF-8, enable the language encoding flag and create unicode extra
  fields when writing ZIPs.  Such archives should be extracted
  correctly by java.util.zip, 7Zip, WinZIP, PKWARE tools and most
  likely InfoZIP tools.  They will be unusable with Windows'
  "compressed folders" feature and bigger than archives without the
  unicode extra fields, though.</p>

<p>If Windows' "compressed folders" is your primary consumer, then
  your best option is to explicitly set the encoding to the target
  platform.  You may want to enable creation of unicode extra fields
  so the tools that support them will extract the file names
  correctly.</p>

<h3><a name="zip64">Zip64 extensions</a></h3>

<p>Zip64 extensions provide a way to create archives bigger than 4GB
  or holding more than 65535 entries - or add individual entries
  bigger than 4GB using the ZIP extension field mechanism.  These
  extensions are supported by most modern ZIP implementations.</p>

<p>When Ant writes compressed entries into the archive it creates it
  doesn't know the compressed size of an entry before it has been
  written.  Unfortunately the decision whether a Zip64 extra field
  will be written has to be made before writing the entry's
  content.</p>

<p>Starting with Ant 1.9.0 Ant supports Zip64 extensions but didn't
  provide any control over their usage, starting with Ant 1.9.1 a
  new <em>zip64mode</em> attribute was added to the <code>zip</code>
  family of tasks.  It supports three values:

<ul>
  <li><em>never</em> means no Zip64 extra fields will ever be
    written, this is the behavior of Ant 1.8.x and earlier and the
    default behavior of <code>jar</code>, <code>ear</code>
    and <code>war</code> starting with Ant 1.9.1.</li>
  <li><em>always</em> means Zip64 extra fields are written for all
    entries.</li>
  <li><em>as-needed</em> means Zip64 extra fields are written for all
    compressed entries to the "local file header" (by default these
    are all files but not the directories) but only written to the
    central directory if the entry really required Zip64 features.
    This is the default behavior of Ant 1.9.0 and remains the default
    behavior of the <code>zip</code> task.</li>
</ul>

<p><em>as-needed</em> provides a good compromise if you don't know
  whether you archive will exceed the limits of traditional zip files
  but don't want to waste too much space (the Zip64 extensions take up
  extra space).  Unfortunately some ZIP implementations don't
  understand Zip64 extra fields or fail to parse archives with extra
  fields in local file headers that are not present in the central
  directory, one such implementation is the java.util.zip package of
  Java5, that's why the <code>jar</code> tasks default
  to <em>never</em>.  Archives created with <em>as-needed</em> can be
  read without problems with Java6 and later.</p>

<h3>Parameters specified as nested elements</h3>

<h4>any resource collection</h4>
<p><a href="../Types/resources.html#collection">Resource
Collection</a>s are used to select groups of files to archive.</p>
<p>Prior to Ant 1.7 only <code>&lt;fileset&gt;</code> and
<code>&lt;zipfileset&gt;</code> have been supported as nested elements.</p>

<a name="zipgroupfileset" />
<h4>zipgroupfileset</h4>
<p>A <code>&lt;zipgroupfileset&gt;</code> allows for multiple zip files to be 
merged into the archive. Each file found in this fileset is added to the archive 
the same way that <i>zipfileset src</i> files are added.</p>

<p><code>&lt;zipgroupfileset&gt;</code> is
  a <a href="../Types/fileset.html">fileset</a> and supports all
  of its attributes and nested elements.</a>

<h3>Examples</h3>
<pre>  &lt;zip destfile=&quot;${dist}/manual.zip&quot;
       basedir=&quot;htdocs/manual&quot;
  /&gt;</pre>
<p>zips all files in the <code>htdocs/manual</code> directory into a file called <code>manual.zip</code>
in the <code>${dist}</code> directory.</p>
<pre>  &lt;zip destfile=&quot;${dist}/manual.zip&quot;
       basedir=&quot;htdocs/manual&quot;
       update=&quot;true&quot;
  /&gt;</pre>
<p>zips all files in the <code>htdocs/manual</code> directory into a file called <code>manual.zip</code>
in the <code>${dist}</code> directory. If <code>manual.zip</code>
doesn't exist, it is created; otherwise it is updated with the
new/changed files.</p>
<pre>  &lt;zip destfile=&quot;${dist}/manual.zip&quot;
       basedir=&quot;htdocs/manual&quot;
       excludes=&quot;mydocs/**, **/todo.html&quot;
  /&gt;</pre>
<p>zips all files in the <code>htdocs/manual</code> directory. Files in the directory <code>mydocs</code>,
or files with the name <code>todo.html</code> are excluded.</p>
<pre>  &lt;zip destfile=&quot;${dist}/manual.zip&quot;
       basedir=&quot;htdocs/manual&quot;
       includes=&quot;api/**/*.html&quot;
       excludes=&quot;**/todo.html&quot;
  /&gt;</pre>
<p>zips all files in the <code>htdocs/manual</code> directory. Only html files under the directory <code>api</code>
are zipped, and files with the name <code>todo.html</code> are excluded.</p>
<pre>  &lt;zip destfile=&quot;${dist}/manual.zip&quot;&gt;
    &lt;fileset dir=&quot;htdocs/manual&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;fileset dir=&quot;.&quot; includes=&quot;ChangeLog.txt&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/zip&gt;</pre>
<p>zips all files in the <code>htdocs/manual</code> directory, and also adds the file <code>ChangeLog.txt</code> in the
current directory. <code>ChangeLog.txt</code> will be added to the top of the ZIP file, just as if
it had been located at <code>htdocs/manual/ChangeLog.txt</code>.</p>
<pre>  &lt;zip destfile=&quot;${dist}/manual.zip&quot;&gt;
    &lt;zipfileset dir=&quot;htdocs/manual&quot; prefix=&quot;docs/user-guide&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;zipfileset dir=&quot;.&quot; includes=&quot;ChangeLog27.txt&quot; fullpath=&quot;docs/ChangeLog.txt&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;zipfileset src=&quot;examples.zip&quot; includes=&quot;**/*.html&quot; prefix=&quot;docs/examples&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/zip&gt;</pre>
<p>zips all files in the <code>htdocs/manual</code> directory into the <code>docs/user-guide</code> directory
in the archive, adds the file <code>ChangeLog27.txt</code> in the
current directory as <code>docs/ChangeLog.txt</code>, and includes all the html files in <code>examples.zip</code> 
under <code>docs/examples</code>.  The archive might end up containing the files:</p>
<pre>    docs/user-guide/html/index.html
    docs/ChangeLog.txt
    docs/examples/index.html
</pre>
<p>
The code
<pre>
  &lt;zip destfile=&quot;${dist}/manual.zip&quot;&gt;
    &lt;zipfileset dir=&quot;htdocs/manual&quot; prefix=&quot;docs/user-guide&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;zipgroupfileset dir=&quot;.&quot; includes=&quot;examples*.zip&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/zip&gt;
</pre>
<p>
<p>zips all files in the <code>htdocs/manual</code> directory into the <code>docs/user-guide</code> directory in the archive and includes all the files in any file that matches <code>examples*.zip</code>, such as all files within <code>examples1.zip</code> or <code>examples_for_brian.zip</code>.
The same can be achieved with
<pre>
  &lt;zip destfile=&quot;${dist}/manual.zip&quot;&gt;
    &lt;mappedresources&gt;
      &lt;fileset dir=&quot;htdocs/manual&quot;/&gt;
      &lt;globmapper from="*" to="docs/user-guide/*"/&gt;
    &lt;/mappedresources&gt;
    &lt;archives&gt;
      &lt;zips&gt;
        &lt;fileset dir=&quot;.&quot; includes=&quot;examples*.zip&quot;/&gt;
      &lt;/zips&gt;
    &lt;/archives&gt;
  &lt;/zip&gt;
</pre>

The next example

<pre>
&lt;zip destfile="release.zip"&gt;
  &lt;tarfileset src="release.tar"/&gt;
&lt;/zip&gt;
</pre>

<p>re-packages a TAR archive as a ZIP archive.  If Unix file
permissions have been stored as part of the TAR file, they will be
retained in the resulting ZIP archive.</p>


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