# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """Autoregressive model for multivariate time series outlier detection. """ import numpy as np from sklearn.utils import check_array from sklearn.utils.validation import check_is_fitted from detection_algorithm.core.CollectiveBase import CollectiveBaseDetector from pyod.models.knn import KNN from detection_algorithm.core.utility import get_sub_matrices # TODO: add an argument to exclude "near equal" samples # TODO: another thought is to treat each dimension independent class KDiscord(CollectiveBaseDetector): """KDiscord first split multivariate time series into subsequences (matrices), and it use kNN outlier detection based on PyOD. For an observation, its distance to its kth nearest neighbor could be viewed as the outlying score. It could be viewed as a way to measure the density. See :cite:`ramaswamy2000efficient,angiulli2002fast` for details. See :cite:`aggarwal2015outlier,zhao2020using` for details. Parameters ---------- window_size : int The moving window size. step_size : int, optional (default=1) The displacement for moving window. contamination : float in (0., 0.5), optional (default=0.1) The amount of contamination of the data set, i.e. the proportion of outliers in the data set. Used when fitting to define the threshold on the decision function. n_neighbors : int, optional (default = 5) Number of neighbors to use by default for k neighbors queries. method : str, optional (default='largest') {'largest', 'mean', 'median'} - 'largest': use the distance to the kth neighbor as the outlier score - 'mean': use the average of all k neighbors as the outlier score - 'median': use the median of the distance to k neighbors as the outlier score radius : float, optional (default = 1.0) Range of parameter space to use by default for `radius_neighbors` queries. algorithm : {'auto', 'ball_tree', 'kd_tree', 'brute'}, optional Algorithm used to compute the nearest neighbors: - 'ball_tree' will use BallTree - 'kd_tree' will use KDTree - 'brute' will use a brute-force search. - 'auto' will attempt to decide the most appropriate algorithm based on the values passed to :meth:`fit` method. Note: fitting on sparse input will override the setting of this parameter, using brute force. .. deprecated:: 0.74 ``algorithm`` is deprecated in PyOD 0.7.4 and will not be possible in 0.7.6. It has to use BallTree for consistency. leaf_size : int, optional (default = 30) Leaf size passed to BallTree. This can affect the speed of the construction and query, as well as the memory required to store the tree. The optimal value depends on the nature of the problem. metric : string or callable, default 'minkowski' metric to use for distance computation. Any metric from scikit-learn or scipy.spatial.distance can be used. If metric is a callable function, it is called on each pair of instances (rows) and the resulting value recorded. The callable should take two arrays as input and return one value indicating the distance between them. This works for Scipy's metrics, but is less efficient than passing the metric name as a string. Distance matrices are not supported. Valid values for metric are: - from scikit-learn: ['cityblock', 'cosine', 'euclidean', 'l1', 'l2', 'manhattan'] - from scipy.spatial.distance: ['braycurtis', 'canberra', 'chebyshev', 'correlation', 'dice', 'hamming', 'jaccard', 'kulsinski', 'mahalanobis', 'matching', 'minkowski', 'rogerstanimoto', 'russellrao', 'seuclidean', 'sokalmichener', 'sokalsneath', 'sqeuclidean', 'yule'] See the documentation for scipy.spatial.distance for details on these metrics. p : integer, optional (default = 2) Parameter for the Minkowski metric from sklearn.metrics.pairwise.pairwise_distances. When p = 1, this is equivalent to using manhattan_distance (l1), and euclidean_distance (l2) for p = 2. For arbitrary p, minkowski_distance (l_p) is used. See http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.pairwise.pairwise_distances metric_params : dict, optional (default = None) Additional keyword arguments for the metric function. n_jobs : int, optional (default = 1) The number of parallel jobs to run for neighbors search. If ``-1``, then the number of jobs is set to the number of CPU cores. Affects only kneighbors and kneighbors_graph methods. Attributes ---------- decision_scores_ : numpy array of shape (n_samples,) The outlier scores of the training data. The higher, the more abnormal. Outliers tend to have higher scores. This value is available once the detector is fitted. threshold_ : float The threshold is based on ``contamination``. It is the ``n_samples * contamination`` most abnormal samples in ``decision_scores_``. The threshold is calculated for generating binary outlier labels. labels_ : int, either 0 or 1 The binary labels of the training data. 0 stands for inliers and 1 for outliers/anomalies. It is generated by applying ``threshold_`` on ``decision_scores_``. """ def __init__(self, window_size, step_size=1, contamination=0.1, n_neighbors=5, method='largest', radius=1.0, algorithm='auto', leaf_size=30, metric='minkowski', p=2, metric_params=None, n_jobs=1, **kwargs): super(KDiscord, self).__init__(contamination=contamination) self.window_size = window_size self.step_size = step_size # parameters for kNN self.n_neighbors = n_neighbors self.method = method self.radius = radius self.algorithm = algorithm self.leaf_size = leaf_size self.metric = metric self.p = p self.metric_params = metric_params self.n_jobs = n_jobs # initialize a kNN model self.model_ = KNN(contamination=self.contamination, n_neighbors=self.n_neighbors, radius=self.radius, algorithm=self.algorithm, leaf_size=self.leaf_size, metric=self.metric, p=self.p, metric_params=self.metric_params, n_jobs=self.n_jobs, **kwargs) def fit(self, X: np.array) -> object: """Fit detector. y is ignored in unsupervised methods. Parameters ---------- X : numpy array of shape (n_samples, n_features) The input samples. y : Ignored Not used, present for API consistency by convention. Returns ------- self : object Fitted estimator. """ X = check_array(X).astype(np.float) # first convert it into submatrices, and flatten it sub_matrices, self.left_inds_, self.right_inds_ = get_sub_matrices( X, self.window_size, self.step_size, return_numpy=True, flatten=True) # fit the kNN model self.model_.fit(sub_matrices) self.decision_scores_ = self.model_.decision_scores_ self._process_decision_scores() return self def decision_function(self, X: np.array): """Predict raw anomaly scores of X using the fitted detector. The anomaly score of an input sample is computed based on the fitted detector. For consistency, outliers are assigned with higher anomaly scores. Parameters ---------- X : numpy array of shape (n_samples, n_features) The input samples. Sparse matrices are accepted only if they are supported by the base estimator. Returns ------- anomaly_scores : numpy array of shape (n_samples,) The anomaly score of the input samples. """ check_is_fitted(self, ['model_']) X = check_array(X).astype(np.float) # first convert it into submatrices, and flatten it sub_matrices, X_left_inds, X_right_inds = get_sub_matrices( X, self.window_size, self.step_size, return_numpy=True, flatten=True) # return the prediction result by kNN return self.model_.decision_function(sub_matrices), \ X_left_inds.ravel(), X_right_inds.ravel() if __name__ == "__main__": X_train = np.asarray( [3., 4., 8., 16, 18, 13., 22., 36., 59., 128, 62, 67, 78, 100]).reshape(-1, 1) X_test = np.asarray( [3., 4., 8.6, 13.4, 22.5, 17, 19.2, 36.1, 127, -23, 59.2]).reshape(-1, 1) # X_train = np.asarray( # [[3., 5], [5., 9], [7., 2], [42., 20], [8., 12], [10., 12], # [12., 12], # [18., 16], [20., 7], [18., 10], [23., 12], [22., 15]]) # # X_test = np.asarray( # [[12., 10], [8., 12], [80., 80], [92., 983], # [18., 16], [20., 7], [18., 10], [3., 5], [5., 9], [23., 12], # [22., 15]]) clf = KDiscord(window_size=3, step_size=1, contamination=0.2, n_neighbors=5) clf.fit(X_train) decision_scores, left_inds_, right_inds = clf.decision_scores_, \ clf.left_inds_, clf.right_inds_ print(clf.left_inds_, clf.right_inds_) pred_scores, X_left_inds, X_right_inds = clf.decision_function(X_test) pred_labels, X_left_inds, X_right_inds = clf.predict(X_test) pred_probs, X_left_inds, X_right_inds = clf.predict_proba(X_test) print(pred_scores) print(pred_labels) print(pred_probs)