autogen/dotnet/test/AutoGen.AzureAIInference.Tests/ChatRequestMessageTests.cs

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// ChatRequestMessageTests.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text.Json;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using AutoGen.Core;
using AutoGen.Tests;
using Azure.AI.Inference;
using FluentAssertions;
using Xunit;

namespace AutoGen.AzureAIInference.Tests;

public class ChatRequestMessageTests
{
    private readonly JsonSerializerOptions jsonSerializerOptions = new JsonSerializerOptions
    {
        WriteIndented = true,
        IgnoreReadOnlyProperties = false,
    };

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessUserTextMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestUserMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("Hello");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        IMessage message = new TextMessage(Role.User, "Hello", "user");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItShortcutChatRequestMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestUserMessage>>();

                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestUserMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestUserMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("hello");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        var userMessage = new ChatRequestUserMessage("hello");
        var chatRequestMessage = MessageEnvelope.Create(userMessage);
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([chatRequestMessage]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItShortcutMessageWhenStrictModelIsFalseAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<string>>();

                var chatRequestMessage = ((MessageEnvelope<string>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Should().Be("hello");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        var userMessage = "hello";
        var chatRequestMessage = MessageEnvelope.Create(userMessage);
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([chatRequestMessage]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItThrowExceptionWhenStrictModeIsTrueAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector(true);
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        var userMessage = "hello";
        var chatRequestMessage = MessageEnvelope.Create(userMessage);
        Func<Task> action = async () => await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([chatRequestMessage]);

        await action.Should().ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>().WithMessage("Invalid message type: MessageEnvelope`1");
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessAssistantTextMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestAssistantMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("How can I help you?");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // assistant message
        IMessage message = new TextMessage(Role.Assistant, "How can I help you?", "assistant");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessSystemTextMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestSystemMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("You are a helpful AI assistant");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // system message
        IMessage message = new TextMessage(Role.System, "You are a helpful AI assistant");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessImageMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestUserMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().BeNullOrEmpty();
                chatRequestMessage.MultimodalContentItems.Count().Should().Be(1);
                chatRequestMessage.MultimodalContentItems.First().Should().BeOfType<ChatMessageImageContentItem>();
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        IMessage message = new ImageMessage(Role.User, "https://example.com/image.png", "user");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItThrowExceptionWhenProcessingImageMessageFromSelfAndStrictModeIsTrueAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector(true);
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        var imageMessage = new ImageMessage(Role.Assistant, "https://example.com/image.png", "assistant");
        Func<Task> action = async () => await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([imageMessage]);

        await action.Should().ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>().WithMessage("Invalid message type: ImageMessage");
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessMultiModalMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestUserMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().BeNullOrEmpty();
                chatRequestMessage.MultimodalContentItems.Count().Should().Be(2);
                chatRequestMessage.MultimodalContentItems.First().Should().BeOfType<ChatMessageTextContentItem>();
                chatRequestMessage.MultimodalContentItems.Last().Should().BeOfType<ChatMessageImageContentItem>();
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        IMessage message = new MultiModalMessage(
            Role.User,
            [
                new TextMessage(Role.User, "Hello", "user"),
                new ImageMessage(Role.User, "https://example.com/image.png", "user"),
            ], "user");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItThrowExceptionWhenProcessingMultiModalMessageFromSelfAndStrictModeIsTrueAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector(true);
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        var multiModalMessage = new MultiModalMessage(
            Role.Assistant,
            [
                new TextMessage(Role.User, "Hello", "assistant"),
                new ImageMessage(Role.User, "https://example.com/image.png", "assistant"),
            ], "assistant");

        Func<Task> action = async () => await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([multiModalMessage]);

        await action.Should().ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>().WithMessage("Invalid message type: MultiModalMessage");
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessToolCallMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestAssistantMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.ToolCalls.Count().Should().Be(1);
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("textContent");
                chatRequestMessage.ToolCalls.First().Should().BeOfType<ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall>();
                var functionToolCall = (ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall)chatRequestMessage.ToolCalls.First();
                functionToolCall.Name.Should().Be("test");
                functionToolCall.Id.Should().Be("test");
                functionToolCall.Arguments.Should().Be("test");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        IMessage message = new ToolCallMessage("test", "test", "assistant")
        {
            Content = "textContent",
        };
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessParallelToolCallMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestAssistantMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().BeNullOrEmpty();
                chatRequestMessage.ToolCalls.Count().Should().Be(2);
                for (int i = 0; i < chatRequestMessage.ToolCalls.Count(); i++)
                {
                    chatRequestMessage.ToolCalls.ElementAt(i).Should().BeOfType<ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall>();
                    var functionToolCall = (ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall)chatRequestMessage.ToolCalls.ElementAt(i);
                    functionToolCall.Name.Should().Be("test");
                    functionToolCall.Id.Should().Be($"test_{i}");
                    functionToolCall.Arguments.Should().Be("test");
                }
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        var toolCalls = new[]
        {
            new ToolCall("test", "test"),
            new ToolCall("test", "test"),
        };
        IMessage message = new ToolCallMessage(toolCalls, "assistant");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItThrowExceptionWhenProcessingToolCallMessageFromUserAndStrictModeIsTrueAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector(strictMode: true);
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        var toolCallMessage = new ToolCallMessage("test", "test", "user");
        Func<Task> action = async () => await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([toolCallMessage]);
        await action.Should().ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>().WithMessage("Invalid message type: ToolCallMessage");
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessToolCallResultMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestToolMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("result");
                chatRequestMessage.ToolCallId.Should().Be("test");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        IMessage message = new ToolCallResultMessage("result", "test", "test", "user");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessParallelToolCallResultMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                msgs.Count().Should().Be(2);

                for (int i = 0; i < msgs.Count(); i++)
                {
                    var innerMessage = msgs.ElementAt(i);
                    innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                    var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestToolMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                    chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("result");
                    chatRequestMessage.ToolCallId.Should().Be($"test_{i}");
                }
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        var toolCalls = new[]
        {
            new ToolCall("test", "test", "result"),
            new ToolCall("test", "test", "result"),
        };
        IMessage message = new ToolCallResultMessage(toolCalls, "user");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([message]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessFunctionCallMiddlewareMessageFromUserAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                msgs.Count().Should().Be(1);
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestUserMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("result");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        var toolCallMessage = new ToolCallMessage("test", "test", "user");
        var toolCallResultMessage = new ToolCallResultMessage("result", "test", "test", "user");
        var aggregateMessage = new AggregateMessage<ToolCallMessage, ToolCallResultMessage>(toolCallMessage, toolCallResultMessage, "user");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([aggregateMessage]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessFunctionCallMiddlewareMessageFromAssistantAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                msgs.Count().Should().Be(2);
                var innerMessage = msgs.Last();
                innerMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var chatRequestMessage = (ChatRequestToolMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)innerMessage!).Content;
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("result");
                chatRequestMessage.ToolCallId.Should().Be("test");

                var toolCallMessage = msgs.First();
                toolCallMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var toolCallRequestMessage = (ChatRequestAssistantMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)toolCallMessage!).Content;
                toolCallRequestMessage.Content.Should().BeNullOrEmpty();
                toolCallRequestMessage.ToolCalls.Count().Should().Be(1);
                toolCallRequestMessage.ToolCalls.First().Should().BeOfType<ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall>();
                var functionToolCall = (ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall)toolCallRequestMessage.ToolCalls.First();
                functionToolCall.Name.Should().Be("test");
                functionToolCall.Id.Should().Be("test");
                functionToolCall.Arguments.Should().Be("test");
                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        var toolCallMessage = new ToolCallMessage("test", "test", "assistant");
        var toolCallResultMessage = new ToolCallResultMessage("result", "test", "test", "assistant");
        var aggregateMessage = new ToolCallAggregateMessage(toolCallMessage, toolCallResultMessage, "assistant");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([aggregateMessage]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItProcessParallelFunctionCallMiddlewareMessageFromAssistantAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(async (msgs, _, innerAgent, _) =>
            {
                msgs.Count().Should().Be(3);
                var toolCallMessage = msgs.First();
                toolCallMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                var toolCallRequestMessage = (ChatRequestAssistantMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)toolCallMessage!).Content;
                toolCallRequestMessage.Content.Should().BeNullOrEmpty();
                toolCallRequestMessage.ToolCalls.Count().Should().Be(2);

                for (int i = 0; i < toolCallRequestMessage.ToolCalls.Count(); i++)
                {
                    toolCallRequestMessage.ToolCalls.ElementAt(i).Should().BeOfType<ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall>();
                    var functionToolCall = (ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall)toolCallRequestMessage.ToolCalls.ElementAt(i);
                    functionToolCall.Name.Should().Be("test");
                    functionToolCall.Id.Should().Be($"test_{i}");
                    functionToolCall.Arguments.Should().Be("test");
                }

                for (int i = 1; i < msgs.Count(); i++)
                {
                    var toolCallResultMessage = msgs.ElementAt(i);
                    toolCallResultMessage!.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>>();
                    var toolCallResultRequestMessage = (ChatRequestToolMessage)((MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>)toolCallResultMessage!).Content;
                    toolCallResultRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be("result");
                    toolCallResultRequestMessage.ToolCallId.Should().Be($"test_{i - 1}");
                }

                return await innerAgent.GenerateReplyAsync(msgs);
            })
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // user message
        var toolCalls = new[]
        {
            new ToolCall("test", "test", "result"),
            new ToolCall("test", "test", "result"),
        };
        var toolCallMessage = new ToolCallMessage(toolCalls, "assistant");
        var toolCallResultMessage = new ToolCallResultMessage(toolCalls, "assistant");
        var aggregateMessage = new AggregateMessage<ToolCallMessage, ToolCallResultMessage>(toolCallMessage, toolCallResultMessage, "assistant");
        await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([aggregateMessage]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItConvertChatResponseMessageToTextMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // text message
        var textMessage = CreateInstance<ChatResponseMessage>(ChatRole.Assistant, "hello");
        var chatRequestMessage = MessageEnvelope.Create(textMessage);

        var message = await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([chatRequestMessage]);
        message.Should().BeOfType<TextMessage>();
        message.GetContent().Should().Be("hello");
        message.GetRole().Should().Be(Role.Assistant);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItConvertChatResponseMessageToToolCallMessageAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // tool call message
        var toolCallMessage = CreateInstance<ChatResponseMessage>(ChatRole.Assistant, "textContent", new[] { new ChatCompletionsFunctionToolCall("test", "test", "test") }, new Dictionary<string, BinaryData>());
        var chatRequestMessage = MessageEnvelope.Create(toolCallMessage);
        var message = await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([chatRequestMessage]);
        message.Should().BeOfType<ToolCallMessage>();
        message.GetToolCalls()!.Count().Should().Be(1);
        message.GetToolCalls()!.First().FunctionName.Should().Be("test");
        message.GetToolCalls()!.First().FunctionArguments.Should().Be("test");
        message.GetContent().Should().Be("textContent");
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItReturnOriginalMessageWhenStrictModeIsFalseAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // text message
        var textMessage = "hello";
        var messageToSend = MessageEnvelope.Create(textMessage);

        var message = await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([messageToSend]);
        message.Should().BeOfType<MessageEnvelope<string>>();
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task ItThrowInvalidOperationExceptionWhenStrictModeIsTrueAsync()
    {
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector(true);
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant")
            .RegisterMiddleware(middleware);

        // text message
        var textMessage = new ChatRequestUserMessage("hello");
        var messageToSend = MessageEnvelope.Create(textMessage);
        Func<Task> action = async () => await agent.GenerateReplyAsync([messageToSend]);

        await action.Should().ThrowAsync<InvalidOperationException>().WithMessage("Invalid return message type MessageEnvelope`1");
    }

    [Fact]
    public void ToOpenAIChatRequestMessageShortCircuitTest()
    {
        var agent = new EchoAgent("assistant");
        var middleware = new AzureAIInferenceChatRequestMessageConnector();
        ChatRequestMessage[] messages =
            [
                new ChatRequestUserMessage("Hello"),
                new ChatRequestAssistantMessage()
                {
                    Content = "How can I help you?",
                },
                new ChatRequestSystemMessage("You are a helpful AI assistant"),
                new ChatRequestToolMessage("test", "test"),
            ];

        foreach (var oaiMessage in messages)
        {
            IMessage message = new MessageEnvelope<ChatRequestMessage>(oaiMessage);
            var oaiMessages = middleware.ProcessIncomingMessages(agent, [message]);
            oaiMessages.Count().Should().Be(1);
            //oaiMessages.First().Should().BeOfType<IMessage<ChatRequestMessage>>();
            if (oaiMessages.First() is IMessage<ChatRequestMessage> chatRequestMessage)
            {
                chatRequestMessage.Content.Should().Be(oaiMessage);
            }
            else
            {
                // fail the test
                Assert.True(false);
            }
        }
    }

    private static T CreateInstance<T>(params object[] args)
    {
        var type = typeof(T);
        var instance = type.Assembly.CreateInstance(
            type.FullName!, false,
            BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic,
            null, args, null, null);
        return (T)instance!;
    }
}