diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows.yml b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
index d099290a3..8feef1a6c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 name: windows
+
 on:
   push:
     branches: [master]
@@ -28,41 +29,63 @@ on:
     - 'tools/**'
     - '!tools/pnnx/**'
     - 'examples/**'
+
 concurrency:
   group: windows-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
+
 permissions:
   contents: read
 
 jobs:
   windows-gpu:
     name: ${{ matrix.vs-version }}
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: windows-2022
     strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
           - vs-version: vs2015
             toolset-version: v140
-            os: windows-2019
-
           - vs-version: vs2017
             toolset-version: v141
-            os: windows-2019
-
           - vs-version: vs2019
             toolset-version: v142
-            os: windows-2022
-
           - vs-version: vs2022
             toolset-version: v143
-            os: windows-2022
 
     env:
       UseMultiToolTask: true
+      
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
         submodules: true
+
+    - name: Install VS 2017 (v141) Build Tools
+      if: matrix.vs-version == 'vs2017'
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+        $vsInstallPath = & "${env:ProgramFiles(x86)}\Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer\vswhere.exe" -latest -property installationPath
+        Start-Process -FilePath "${env:ProgramFiles(x86)}\Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer\vs_installer.exe" -ArgumentList "modify --installPath `"$vsInstallPath`" --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.v141.x86.x64 --quiet --norestart --nocache" -Wait
+
+    - name: Install and Setup VS 2015 (v140) Build Tools
+      if: matrix.vs-version == 'vs2015'
+      shell: pwsh
+      run: |
+        $vs140Path = "C:/vs140_build_tools"
+        Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://aka.ms/vs/15/release/vs_buildtools.exe" -OutFile vs_buildtools.exe
+        Start-Process -FilePath "vs_buildtools.exe" -ArgumentList "--installPath `"$vs140Path`" --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Workload.VCTools --add Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.140 --quiet --wait --norestart --nocache" -Wait
+
+        $vcvarsPath = (Get-ChildItem -Path $vs140Path -Filter "vcvars64.bat" -Recurse | Select-Object -First 1).FullName
+        $cmd = "`"$vcvarsPath`" && powershell -Command `"`$env:PATH;`$env:INCLUDE;`$env:LIB`""
+        $output = cmd.exe /c $cmd
+        $lines = $output -split "`r`n"
+        
+        echo "PATH=$($lines[0]);$($env:PATH)" | Out-File -FilePath $env:GITHUB_ENV -Encoding utf8 -Append
+        echo "INCLUDE=$($lines[1])" | Out-File -FilePath $env:GITHUB_ENV -Encoding utf8 -Append
+        echo "LIB=$($lines[2])" | Out-File -FilePath $env:GITHUB_ENV -Encoding utf8 -Append
+
     - name: cache-protobuf
       id: cache-protobuf
       uses: actions/cache@v4
@@ -71,13 +94,16 @@ jobs:
         key: protobuf-${{ matrix.vs-version }}-x64-install-2
     - name: protobuf
       if: steps.cache-protobuf.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         Invoke-WebRequest -Uri https://github.com/protocolbuffers/protobuf/archive/v3.11.2.zip -OutFile protobuf-3.11.2.zip
         7z x ./protobuf-3.11.2.zip
         cd protobuf-3.11.2
-        mkdir build-${{ matrix.vs-version }}; cd build-${{ matrix.vs-version }}; cmake -T ${{ matrix.toolset-version }},host=x64 -A x64 -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE\protobuf-install" -Dprotobuf_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -Dprotobuf_MSVC_STATIC_RUNTIME=OFF -DNCNN_BUILD_TESTS=ON ../cmake
+        mkdir build-${{ matrix.vs-version }}; cd build-${{ matrix.vs-version }}
+        cmake -T ${{ matrix.toolset-version }},host=x64 -A x64 -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE\protobuf-install" -Dprotobuf_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -Dprotobuf_MSVC_STATIC_RUNTIME=OFF -DNCNN_BUILD_TESTS=ON ../cmake
         cmake --build . --config Release -j 4
         cmake --build . --config Release --target install
+
     - name: cache-swiftshader
       if: matrix.vs-version != 'vs2015' && matrix.vs-version != 'vs2017'
       id: cache-swiftshader
@@ -85,6 +111,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         path: swiftshader-install
         key: swiftshader-${{ matrix.vs-version }}-x64-install-20240622
+
     - name: checkout-swiftshader
       if: matrix.vs-version != 'vs2015' && matrix.vs-version != 'vs2017' && steps.cache-swiftshader.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
       uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -92,13 +119,17 @@ jobs:
         repository: google/swiftshader
         path: swiftshader
         ref: de870ac7518fe2b6bb651ecc22fc36647cf7b986
+
     - name: checkout-swiftshader-submodules
       if: matrix.vs-version != 'vs2015' && matrix.vs-version != 'vs2017' && steps.cache-swiftshader.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         cd swiftshader
         git -c submodule."third_party/git-hooks".update=none submodule update --init --recursive
+
     - name: swiftshader
       if: matrix.vs-version != 'vs2015' && matrix.vs-version != 'vs2017' && steps.cache-swiftshader.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         cd swiftshader
         mkdir build-${{ matrix.vs-version }}; cd build-${{ matrix.vs-version }}
@@ -108,39 +139,48 @@ jobs:
         Copy-Item -Path "Windows\*" -Destination "$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE\swiftshader-install"
 
     - name: x64
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         mkdir build-x64; cd build-x64
         cmake -T ${{ matrix.toolset-version }},host=x64 -A x64 -Dprotobuf_DIR="$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE\protobuf-install\cmake" -DNCNN_VULKAN=ON -DNCNN_BUILD_TESTS=ON ..
         cmake --build . --config Release -j 4
+
     - name: x64-test
       if: matrix.vs-version != 'vs2015' && matrix.vs-version != 'vs2017'
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         echo "[Processor]`nThreadCount=1`n" > build-x64/tests/Release/SwiftShader.ini
         Copy-Item -Path "$env:GITHUB_WORKSPACE\swiftshader-install\vulkan-1.dll" -Destination 'build-x64\tests'
         cd build-x64; ctest -C Release --output-on-failure -j 4
 
     - name: x64-sse2
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         mkdir build-x64-sse2; cd build-x64-sse2
         cmake -T ${{ matrix.toolset-version }},host=x64 -A x64 -DNCNN_RUNTIME_CPU=OFF -DNCNN_XOP=OFF -DNCNN_AVX=OFF -DNCNN_AVX2=OFF -DNCNN_AVX512=OFF -DNCNN_BUILD_TESTS=ON -DNCNN_DISABLE_RTTI=ON -DNCNN_DISABLE_EXCEPTION=ON -DNCNN_BUILD_TOOLS=OFF -DNCNN_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF ..
         cmake --build . --config Release -j 4
     - name: x64-sse2-test
+      shell: pwsh
       run: cd build-x64-sse2; ctest -C Release --output-on-failure -j 4
 
     - name: x64-avx
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         mkdir build-x64-avx; cd build-x64-avx
         cmake -T ${{ matrix.toolset-version }},host=x64 -A x64 -DNCNN_RUNTIME_CPU=OFF -DNCNN_XOP=OFF -DNCNN_AVX=ON -DNCNN_AVX2=OFF -DNCNN_AVX512=OFF -DNCNN_BUILD_TESTS=ON -DNCNN_DISABLE_RTTI=ON -DNCNN_DISABLE_EXCEPTION=ON -DNCNN_BUILD_TOOLS=OFF -DNCNN_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF ..
         cmake --build . --config Release -j 4
     - name: x64-avx-test
+      shell: pwsh
       run: cd build-x64-avx; ctest -C Release --output-on-failure -j 4
 
     - name: x86
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         mkdir build-x86; cd build-x86
         cmake -T ${{ matrix.toolset-version }},host=x64 -A Win32 -DNCNN_SHARED_LIB=ON -DNCNN_BUILD_TESTS=ON -DNCNN_BUILD_TOOLS=OFF -DNCNN_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF ..
         cmake --build . --config Release -j 4
     - name: x86-test
+      shell: pwsh
       run: |
         Copy-Item -Path "build-x86\src\Release\ncnn.dll" -Destination 'build-x86\tests'
         cd build-x86; ctest -C Release --output-on-failure -j 4